By Mary Kane, Kiplinger
One in five older Americans falls prey to financial exploitation each year. Now, banks and financial advisers are stepping up front-line defenses.
The next time you meet with your financial adviser, you may be asked to supply a trusted point of contact, which is a relative or friend to call if the adviser has a reasonable belief that you might be a victim of financial exploitation. Perhaps you've suddenly decided to liquidate your conservative investments and deposit the money overseas. Or a niece you never had much contact with is back in your life, asking for money.
Your adviser also could put a temporary hold on a suspicious disbursement request from you, so your money is safeguarded until the concern is investigated. Typically, once money leaves an account, it's difficult to get back.
These changes are included in several new laws and regulations to protect seniors and their money. For older adults, financial exploitation is a growing problem. AARP's Public Policy Institute reported in 2016 that one in five older Americans falls prey to financial exploitation each year. Victims lose $3 billion annually, and seniors with well-funded retirements are prime targets for scammers, says Mark Bauer, a Stetson University College of Law professor who specializes in consumer law.
Some people may have a certain naivete about fraudsters, along with good manners, he says. That combination can make people "susceptible to scammers who play on their trust," Bauer says.
Mild cognitive impairment can cause older adults to miss red flags for fraud, says Michael Pieciak, president of the North American Securities Administrators Association (NASAA), which represents state securities regulators. The ability to gauge risk may be diminished, Pieciak says. Social isolation plays a role, with vulnerable seniors home during the day and likely to answer the phone when a fraudster cold calls.
Scams range from bogus investments to alleging that an electric bill is overdue and threatening to turn off the heat and power unless a senior withdraws money and sends it immediately. Sometimes callers tell seniors they have an unpaid traffic ticket and their driver's license will be revoked if they don't pay. "It's scary for anyone, but especially for a senior," Pieciak says.
Congress, state regulators and lawmakers, and the financial services industry have approved new laws and rules recently to help safeguard seniors and their assets, based on the idea that financial institutions and professionals are on the front lines of spotting elder financial abuse. The changes are meant to protect seniors and to shield financial professionals from liability for reporting exploitation. Concerns over violating privacy laws by contacting law enforcement or adult protective services made reporting violations difficult in the past.
Acting on Suspicions of Financial Abuse
The regulations and training benefit the industry, but financial professionals are "doing what's in their clients' best interests as well," says Lori Neidel, a Columbia, Mo., compliance lawyer. An investment adviser trained in spotting elder abuse, for example, might be the first to notice suspicious changes in how an older adult is handling his money.
On the federal level, Congress in 2018 passed the Senior Safe Act, which protects financial services professionals from being sued over privacy and other violations for reporting suspected elder financial abuse to law enforcement, as long as they have been adequately trained. The law encourages banks, credit unions, investment advisers, broker-dealers, and insurance companies and agents to provide the proper training for employees by giving the firms and employees legal protections in return.
So, in the future, if a bank teller notices an elderly customer confused about withdrawing money or making puzzling transactions, the teller could flag that behavior to a superior, who could contact authorities, if necessary. The law is "a good first step, but more needs to be done," says Bauer. Details on the training and reporting still need to be figured out, he says. It's also unclear when the new law will take effect.
On the state level, 19 states so far have adopted some version of a NASAA model act that gives guidance to registered investment advisers and broker-dealers on notifying a trusted point of contact and putting a temporary hold on a client's account to investigate financial fraud. Details differ by state; click the "Contact Your Regulator" button at nasaa.org for your state. Five more state legislatures are considering similar rules this year, Pieciak says. "We're trying to get to the halfway mark," he says.
The trusted contact is different from a durable power of attorney; your adviser can't use that contact to transact any business, for example, and the power of attorney supersedes it. But if the adviser notices worrisome signs leading him to believe you may be a financial exploitation victim, such as sudden withdrawals from your account, he can reach out to your trusted point of contact. He also must report suspected financial abuse to adult protective services, law enforcement or securities regulators.
And, if the adviser believes that contact may be the source of the exploitation--an adult child, perhaps, who may be targeting your money--the adviser can bypass the contact and go to authorities directly.
If an elderly client talks about a guaranteed investment he saw on T.V. and wants to withdraw all his money, an adviser might consider that as a possible basis for a temporary hold. But advisers aren't trained in diagnosing cognitive decline. If they notice a client confused about his money, they would reach out to the trusted point of contact, Pieciak says.
State laws differ on the time limits on the temporary account hold, but they range from a maximum of 10 to 30 business days. Your adviser will allow legitimate distributions, such as a mortgage payment, from the account during the temporary hold. If no fraudulent activity is found, the hold is lifted.
In Texas, which adopted its law in 2017, advisers have referred 100 cases and 25 investigations were opened, Pieciak says, including one involving an 88-year-old who was about to be scammed out of $30,000. "The law is already paying off, and it's working the way we wanted it to," he says.
The Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, or Finra, a self-regulator for the brokerage industry, was the first to create national standards to protect senior investors. Finra's two rules went into effect last year and cover broker-dealers only. The rules were established after Finra found from calls to its senior help line that investment scams targeting seniors were on the rise, says Jim Wrona, a Finra vice president. (Call the help line for concerns about your brokerage accounts and investments at 844-574-3577.)
The rules include a trusted point of contact, which Finra requires broker-dealers to obtain when clients open new accounts or update existing ones, and the ability for broker-dealers to do a temporary account hold. The trusted contact rule also is aimed at helping older clients keep track of their accounts, which can be a problem when they suffer cognitive decline. Sometimes broker-dealers can't reach older customers when they lose their phones, Wrona says.
All the recent rules and laws complement each other, although they have different approaches, Pieciak says. Going forward, he says, the financial industry is trying to find ways to work together to provide consistent guidance and training. "It's important to help get everybody on the same page," he says.
In the meantime, there are steps you can take to help keep your accounts, and accounts of aging loved ones, safe. If you get a call pushing a low-priced stock or other investment, for example, don't feel guilty about saying "no, thanks" and just hanging up the phone. Also, take your name off solicitation lists to reduce unwanted sales pitches. And register your phone number with the National Do Not Call Registry. Finra has more advice at finra.org (search "For Investors").
You can also go to serveourseniors.org and click on the "Investors" section to review tips to protect your nest egg. Among the advice: Beware salespeople who prey on fears of outliving your savings to sell you investments. Relatives and caregivers also should monitor a loved one's financial behavior for red flags, such as repeated cash withdrawals.
Red Flags of Financial Fraud
Below are some signs that employees of banks and financial firms look for if they suspect an elderly client could be a victim of financial exploitation:
- Uncharacteristic and repeated cash withdrawals or wire transfers
- Appearing with new and unknown friends or relatives
- Uncharacteristic nervousness or anxiety when visiting the office or conducting telephone transactions
- Lacking knowledge about his or her financial status
- Interference by others when trying to speak directly with the client
- Sudden changes to financial documents, such as powers of attorney, beneficiaries, wills or trusts
