By Jonathan Clements, Money
Folks used to say, “You can’t go wrong with real estate.” They sure don’t say that anymore. It’s been a rollercoaster dozen years for home prices—and some experts think another rough patch is in the offing.
Since the housing crisis began in mid-2006, national home prices have plunged by more 25% of their value — only to bounce back, rising more than 50%. While that may sound like a significant recovery, it’s a lot less impressive when you consider that more than a decade elapsed in the meantime. Today, home prices are about 12% above where they were in 2006, equating to a gain of less than 1% per year.
Could we be facing another dip? According to the National Association of Realtors, home sales fell 10% over the past year, in part because of rising mortgage rates. That’s worrisome: Slowing home sales often precede a fall in house prices.
But my goal here isn’t to scare away potential home buyers. Quite the opposite: I think everybody should strive to become a homeowner—but they should do so with their eyes wide open.
What do I mean by that? Real estate discussions almost invariably fall hostage to anecdotal evidence. We all know folks who supposedly made a mint in real estate, as well as people who lost their shirt. But forget the anecdotal evidence, and instead focus on statistics and commonsense.
To that end, here are my 13 rules for real estate:
Rule 1:
Homeownership isn’t as safe as it feels. A house is a big, leveraged, undiversified bet—arguably riskier than owning a diversified stock portfolio. Yet it doesn’t feel that way. Why not? Partly, it’s familiarity. We look around our house and see the value that’s there. And partly, it’s a money illusion. If we got daily updates on our home’s value, like we do on our stock portfolio, we wouldn’t be nearly so sanguine about our huge real estate wager.
Rule 2:
We shouldn’t buy unless we can see staying put for at least five years—and preferably seven years or longer. Buying and especially selling real estate involves steep transaction costs, and we need many years of price appreciation to overcome that hit.
Rule 3:
Over the long haul, home prices nationwide should rise roughly in line with per-capita GDP. Why per-capita GDP? That’s a gauge of our ability to pay. Sure enough, over the past 40 years, per-capita GDP has climbed 4.5% a year—and home prices are up 4.3%, according to Freddie Mac. Meanwhile, inflation clocked 3.4% annually.
Obviously, we’ll get years when home prices climb faster or slower. But over the long haul, we shouldn’t expect to do a whole lot better than a percentage point or so a year more than inflation.
Rule 4:
The land underneath our homes should appreciate, but the dwelling itself will depreciate—and we’ll need to fork over hefty sums just to keep up with the general increase in home prices. As a rule of thumb, expect to spend a sum equal to between 1% and 2% of a home’s value on maintenance each year.
Rule 5:
Any gain in our home’s value will likely be largely or entirely offset by transaction costs, maintenance, property taxes and homeowner’s insurance. Subtract those costs from our home’s annual price gain, and we probably aren’t keeping up with inflation and there’s a good chance we’re losing money.
Rule 6:
The benefits of leverage are often offset by the cost of leverage. Homeowners may put down just 10% or 20% of a home’s purchase price—but they collect 100% of any price appreciation. Result: Even prosaic property price increases can be transformed into wondrous gains—or so it seems.
Let’s say we might put down $30,000 on a $300,000 home. If the home’s price rises 30% to $390,000, our home equity would soar 300%, from $30,000 to $120,000. But how much did we pay in mortgage interest to get that leveraged gain? Often, the total interest paid rivals the increase in home equity.
Rule 7:
The mortgage-interest tax deduction has always been overrated—and, today, that’s truer than ever. If we pay $1 in mortgage and we’re in the 22% tax bracket, we only save 22 cents in taxes, which means the other 78 cents is coming out of our pocket.
This assumes we itemize our deductions. But with the 2019 standard deduction at $24,400 for couples filing jointly, many homeowners will find their total itemized deductions are less than their standard deduction—which means they’re getting zero tax benefit from all the mortgage interest they pay.
Rule 8:
If you’re a homeowner with a fixed-rate mortgage, what you really want is inflation. Why? That inflation will likely drive up both your home’s price and your salary, while leaving your mortgage payment unchanged. That means you can repay the mortgage company with depreciated dollars, while having more disposable income for everything else.
Rule 9:
While a home’s price appreciation and mortgage-interest tax deduction will likely prove disappointing, homeowners enjoy one huge benefit: They get to live in the place. How much is this imputed rent worth? Think about how much you’d collect each year if you rented out your house.
Rule 10:
All homes should be priced to deliver the same expected total return. Folks will talk about real estate in, say, San Francisco and Silicon Valley, as though these are magical markets that somehow defy economic norms.
The reality: The total return—the combination of price appreciation plus rent or imputed rent—should be similar across property markets. In other words, in highflying real estate markets, rents tend to be modest relative to home prices, so total returns aren’t unusually high. This has been borne out by academic research.
Rule 11:
A paid-off home is the cornerstone of a comfortable retirement, for two reasons. First, by paying off our mortgage, we eliminate a major expense, making retirement more affordable. Second, thanks to the forced savings that come with paying down a mortgage’s principal balance, we eventually come to own a major asset free and clear. That asset can then help us to finance our retirement, either by trading down to a smaller place or taking out a reverse mortgage.
Rule 12:
Remodeling is a money loser. If we undertake home improvements, we’ll increase the value of our home—but by less than the dollars we spend. For proof, check out Remodeling magazine’s annual cost vs. value survey. It analyzes 22 home improvement projects. Depending on the project, if we sold soon after making these home improvements, we might recoup as little as 50% of the money spent.
Rule 13:
A real estate agent’s greatest financial incentive isn’t to get us the best price, but to get us to act quickly. If we spend an extra month looking for the right home—or holding out for a higher price—the agent might make little or no additional commission, but he or she will have to put in substantially more work.
Still, don’t allow yourself to be rushed. If you keep your house on the market for an extra month and make $10,000 more, that would be a huge win. And if you buy a house you aren’t entirely happy with and end up moving soon after, that would be a terrible mistake
